Iterative diversity reception

ABSTRACT

Methods, apparatuses, and systems are presented for deriving data from a composite signal involving (a) receiving a composite signal comprising contributions from a plurality of individual signals transmitted over different paths, the plurality of individual signals representing a common data sequence, (b) calculating soft values of a first type taking into account the received composite signal and soft values of a second type, (c) generating symbol outputs taking into account the soft values of the first type, (d) calculating soft values of the second type taking into account the symbol outputs, (e) feeding back soft values of the second type, (f) iteratively updating soft values of the first type, symbol outputs, and soft values of the second type by repeating previous steps, and (g) deriving data using the updated symbol outputs.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and is a non-provisional of U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 60/653,071 filed on Feb. 14, 2005, which isassigned to the assigner hereof and hereby expressly incorporated byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Traditional path diversity schemes take advantage of diversityassociated with signals transmitted over multiple paths, to improve theperformance of a communication system. Information originating from asingle data source can be intentionally or unintentionally propagatedover multiple paths before arriving at a destination receiver.Typically, the propagation of a signal over the multiple paths causesdifferent “versions” of the signal to arrive at the receiver atdifferent time offsets, and at approximately the same frequency. Themultiple paths may occur due to signal reflections, may occur due todelays attributable to one or more signal processing devices, such asrepeaters, interposed between the transmitter and receiver, or due tosome combination of physical paths and delays through signal processingdevices. The difference in time of arrival associated with the differentsignal paths increases as the physical distances traversed by multiplesignal paths increase. The receiver may be able to benefit from theexistence of such multiple paths, or path diversity, if the receiver isable to properly process each of the delayed versions of the transmittedsignal.

Techniques that take advantage of path diversity are well known andpractical to implement for systems in which the maximum difference intime of arrival is on the order of 10 symbol intervals or less.Specifically, the optimum demodulator of a multipath signal is the wellknown Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation, which is commonlyimplemented using the Viterbi Algorithm. This approach is practical whenthe difference in the path delays between the paths is a relativelysmall number of symbols, e.g., <≈10, but is unpractical for scenariossuch as that depicted in FIG. 1 where the differential path delay can bethousands of symbols in duration. Another approach is the classic RAKEreceiver, which is also well known to those of ordinary skill in theart. The RAKE receiver provides a good approximation to the optimalreceiver when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is very low, e.g., <≈−6dB. For this reason, the RAKE receiver is commonly used with spreadspectrum signals, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) signals.But for higher SNR environments that are common in non-spread spectrumapplications, the RAKE receiver is ineffective. Thus, traditional pathdiversity schemes have been limited in their application.

For example, for communication systems involving non spread spectrumsignals transmitted over multiple paths that have significantdifferences in their time of arrival, such traditional path diversityschemes are inadequate. These include systems that handle signals sentfrom a single transmitter over multiple paths, as well as systems thathandle signals sent from distinct transmitters over multiple paths.Thus, there is an important need for techniques that allow generatingand processing of multiple path diversity, co-frequency signals,especially in cases where the delay spread between the diversity pathsis large relative to the symbol period.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems forderiving data from a composite signal involving (a) receiving acomposite signal comprising contributions from a plurality of individualsignals transmitted over different paths, the plurality of individualsignals being used to represent a common data sequence such that each ofthe individual signals corresponds to a data sequence that is a versionof the common data sequence, (b) for each individual signal, calculatingsoft values of a first type over a block of symbols by taking intoaccount the received composite signal and soft values of a second type,wherein for each symbol, a soft value of the first type is calculatedfor each possible symbol value of the symbol, (c) generating symboloutputs by taking into account the soft values of the first type fromthe different individual signals, (d) for each individual signal,calculating soft values of the second type over the block of symbols bytaking into account the symbol outputs, wherein for each symbol, a softvalue of the second type is calculated for each possible symbol value ofthe symbol, (e) feeding back the soft values of the second type forsubsequent calculations of the soft values of the first type, (f)iteratively updating the soft values of the first type, the symboloutputs, and the soft values of the second type by repeating steps (b),(c), (d), and (e), and (g) deriving data using the updated symboloutputs.

In one embodiment, the individual signals are transmitted viasatellites. The individual signals may be sent from differenttransmitters and received at a common receiver as the composite signal.Alternatively, the individual signals are sent from a commontransmitter, received initially at different receivers, subsequentlycombined, then received as the composite signal. The individual signalsmay be combined in the manner to cancel interference signals.

For an initial iteration of step (b), the soft values of the second typemay be set to a constant value, such as zero.

For at least some of the individual signals, the corresponding datasequence may be related to the common data sequence by a knownrelationship. The known relationship may comprise a time-shiftingfunction. The known relationship may comprise a re-ordering function.

Generating the symbol outputs may involve, for each individual signalhaving a corresponding data sequence related to the common data sequenceby a known relationship, aligning the soft values of the first type withthe common data sequence by applying an inverse of the knownrelationship, to generate aligned soft values of the first kind, andcombining aligned soft values of the first kind from differentindividual signals to generate the symbol outputs.

Calculating soft values of the second type may involve, for eachindividual signal having a corresponding data sequence related to thecommon data sequence by a known relationship, re-aligning the symboloutputs by applying the known relationship, to generate the soft valuesof the second kind.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an illustrative system which includes an Earthstation simultaneously transmitting two signals representing a commondata sequence using two antennas, via two separate satellites, thesignals being received as a composite signal at a user terminal (UT), inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of an illustrative system which includes a userterminal (UT) transmitting a signal on different paths via two separatesatellites, resulting in two signals being received at two separateantennas, wherein the signals are combined at an Earth station to form acomposite signal, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a basic block diagram of an example transmitter structuresuitable for generating a plurality of individual signals that can betransmitted over different paths, according to one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 is a basic block diagram of an example receiver structuresuitable for processing a composite signal comprising contributions fromindividual signals transmitted over multiple paths, according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting the operations of an iterativecombiner and a data detector according to one embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 5 presents simulated bit error rate (BER) performance for a varietyof different reception scenarios, including performance of an iterativecombiner configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting the operations of a match filter, aniterative combiner, and a data detector, as modified to accommodatenon-integer path delays, according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7A illustrates the processing of overlapping blocks of symbols,each block comprising B+k_(Δ) symbols, according to one embodiment ofthe invention.

FIG. 7B illustrates the processing of overlapping blocks of symbols,each block comprising B+2k_(Δ) symbols, according to an alternativeembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 presents a receiver structure that implements separate iterativecombining and FEC decoding, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting the operations of a match filter, aniterative combiner, and a data detector, as modified to implementintegrated iterative combining and FEC decoding, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Illustrative Systems

FIG. 1A is a diagram of an illustrative system 100 which includes anEarth station 102 simultaneously transmitting two signals representing acommon data sequence using two antennas 104 and 106, via two separatesatellites 108 and 110, the signals being received as a composite signalat a user terminal (UT) 112, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. System 100 thus presents an example of a compositesignal comprising contributions from a plurality of individual signalstransmitted over different paths, wherein the individual signals aresent from different transmitters and received at a common receiver as acomposite signal.

Earth station 102 is viewed here as the single data source. In thepresent embodiment of the invention, the data is encoded by a forwarderror correction (FEC) code. The encoded data is used as the common datasequence from which individual signals are generated. There are twoindividual signals generated in the present embodiment. To generate eachindividual signal, the common data sequence is optionally re-orderedaccording to a re-ordering function (described in more detail insubsequent sections) and modulated according to a suitable modulationscheme. In the present embodiment, an M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK)modulation scheme is used. Thus, each individual signal is a modulatedsignal that represents the common data sequence originating from Earthstation 102. The two resulting modulated signals are separatelyupconverted to a suitable radio frequency (RF) and amplified using highpower amplifiers (HPA). The two upconverted, amplified signals are thenseparately transmitted using antennas 104 and 106, to satellites 108 and110, respectively. The encoding, modulation, upconversion, andamplification of the two individual signals can be implemented usingknown techniques familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.

In the present embodiment of the invention, the two satellites 108 and110 are non-processing “bent pipe” satellites in low, medium orgeo-synchronous orbits, each satellite being in a distinct orbit slot.Satellites 108 and 110 relay the individual signals from antennas 104and 106 using the same nominal downlink frequency so the signals arriveat user terminal 112 at the same frequency, exclusive of any Dopplershift or satellite frequency translation error which is not commonbetween all paths. These separate signals thus generally tend tointerfere with each other. However, if the signals at the receiver canbe properly processed, the diversity paths can be used to increase thesignal to noise ratio and improve the link performance.

User terminal 112 may be implemented as one of a variety of differenttype of devices, such as a handheld device, a vehicle mounted terminal,or a fixed Earth station. Here, user terminal 112 employs a singlereceive antenna with sufficient beamwidth to be pointed at all signalpaths simultaneously, including the signal path from satellite 108 andthe signal path from satellite 110. User terminal 112 processes thecomposite signal which comprises contributions from individual signalstransmitted over the different paths to take advantage of path diversityand thereby improve link performance.

While two paths using two satellites are shown in the present embodiment(one path extending from antenna 104 via satellite 108 to user terminal112, the other path extending from antenna 106 via satellite 110 to userterminal 112), more than two paths can certainly be used. For example,when L satellites are used, there may be L paths in the multipathchannel, L being a positive integer that may be greater than two.Furthermore, the present invention is not necessarily limited tosatellite communication applications, even though satellite systems areused here to illustrate various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1B is a diagram of an illustrative system 150 which includes a userterminal (UT) 152 transmitting a signal on different paths via twoseparate satellites 160 and 162, resulting in two signals being receivedat two separate antennas 164 and 166, wherein the signals are combinedat an Earth station 168 to form a composite signal, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. System 150 thus presents anexample of a composite signal comprising contributions from a pluralityof individual signals transmitted over different paths, wherein theindividual signals are sent from a common transmitter and receivedinitially at different receivers, subsequently combined, and thenreceived as a composite signal.

System 150 presents a technique that can be used for canceling outundesired interference signals by adding received signals together.Here, the desired signals (shown in solid lines) are transmitted fromuser terminal 152, over multiple paths via satellites 160 and 162, toantennas 164 and 166. Undesired interference signals (shown in dottedlines) are transmitted from an interfering user terminal 170, overmultiple paths via satellites 160 and 162, to antennas 164 and 166. Theundesired interference uses the same transmission frequency as thedesired signal. The desired signals and interference signals arrive atantennas 164 and 166 of Earth station 168 at the same frequency. Thus,the signal received at antenna 164 from satellite 160 has both a desiredcomponent and an interferer component. Similarly, the signal received atantenna 166 from satellite 162 has both a desired component and aninterferer component.

Earth station 168 processes these two received signals from antennas 164and 166 and combines them such that their interferer components canceleach other out. Specifically, Earth station 168 adjusts the relativephase, relative timing, relative amplitude, and possibly otherattributes of the two received signals from antennas 164 and 166 suchthat their respective interferer components are 180 degrees out of phaseand equal in magnitude. Thus, when the two received signals arecombined, their respective interferer components cancel each other out(by destructive interference). What remains is a composite signal thatis substantially free of the interference from user terminal 170. Thiscomposite signal is thus comprised of contributions from a plurality ofindividual signals transmitted over different paths, wherein theindividual signals are sent from a common, desired transmitter, which isuser terminal 152. The composite signal can then be processed using theinnovative path diversity approaches described in various embodiments ofthe present invention.

In one embodiment of the invention, the equipment associated with Earthstation 168 comprises low noise amplifiers (LNA) 180 and 182, downconverters (DC) 184 and 186, parameter adjustment (Phase Amp TimeAdjust) blocks 188 and 190, and signal combiner 192. LNA 180 amplifiesthe signal received from antenna 164. DC 184 down converts thisamplified signal. Phase Amp Time Adjust block 188 performs proper phase,amplitude, and time adjustments to the down-converted signal. Theresulting signal is presented to one input of signal combiner 192.Similar processing is performed on the signal received from antenna 166,using LNA 182, DC 186, Phase Amp Time Adjust block 190, to generate aresulting signal that is presented to the other input of signal combiner192. Processing described above adjusts the two resulting signals suchthat their interferer components are of equal magnitude and 180 degreesout of phase. Combiner 192 then adds the two signals together so thattheir interferer components cancel each other out.

With the interference signals canceled out, user terminal 152 can beviewed here as the single data source associated with the desiredindividual signals. In the present embodiment of the invention, thedesired data is encoded at user terminal 152 by a forward errorcorrection (FEC) code. The encoded data is modulated according to asuitable modulation scheme. In the present embodiment, an M-ary PhaseShift Keying (MPSK) modulation scheme is used. The resulting modulatedsignal is upconverted to a suitable radio frequency (RF), amplified, andtransmitted to satellites 160 and 162, respectively. The encoding,modulation, upconversion, and amplification can be implemented usingknown techniques familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.

As in the case of system 100, here the two satellites 160 and 162 ofsystem 150 are non-processing “bent pipe” satellites in low, medium orgeo-synchronous orbits, each satellite being in a distinct orbit slot.Satellites 160 and 162 relay the signal from user terminal 152, alongwith the undesired signals from interferer user terminal 170, using thesame nominal downlink frequency so the signals arrive antennas 164 and166 at the same frequency, exclusive of any Doppler shift which is notcommon between all paths. According the present embodiment of theinvention, the undesired signals from interferer user terminal 170 arecanceled out with one another at Earth station 168. Further, the desiredsignals from user terminal 152 are processed at Earth station 168 totake advantage of path diversity and thereby improve link performance.

Again, while the desired signals are shown to be transmitted over twopaths using two satellites in the present embodiment (one path extendingfrom user terminal 152 via satellite 160 to antenna 164; the other pathextending from user terminal 152 via satellite 162 to antenna 166), morethan two paths can certainly be used. For example, when L satellites areused, there may be L paths in the multipath channel, L being a positiveinteger that may be greater than two.

For a system such as cooperative satellite system 100 or 150, thedifference in the path delays between various paths can be manymilliseconds, even more than 10 milliseconds. For a carrier with even amedium symbol rate of 1 mega symbols per second (Msps), the time arrivaldifference between paths can be thousands of symbols in duration. Thetechniques described herein allows path diversity to be exploited evenwhen delay spread between the diversity paths is large relative to thesymbol period.

FIG. 2 is a basic block diagram of an example transmitter structure 200suitable for generating a plurality of individual signals that can betransmitted over different paths, according to one embodiment of thepresent invention. The plurality of individual signals represent acommon data sequence such that each individual signal corresponds to aversion of the common data sequence. While FIG. 2 illustrates an examplewhere three individual signals are generated, the number of individualsignals can be a number other than three. That is, transmit structure200 can be implemented to generate L individual signals, where L is anypositive integer. For example, referring back to FIG. 1A, transmitterstructure 200 may be configured in Earth station 102 to generate twoindividual signals, which are transmitted by antennas 104 and 106.

As shown in FIG. 2, transmitter structure 200 comprises a forward errorcorrection encoder (FEC) 204, a set of re-order blocks (RE-ORDER)206B-C, a set of modulators (MOD) 208A-C, a set of upconverter and highpower amplifiers (UC and HPA) 210A-C, and a set of outputs 212A-C.Operations of the various components of transmitter structure 200 isdescribed in further detail below. An input 202 accepts a data sequenceto be processed by transmitter structure 200. Input 202 may beimplemented in different ways. For example, input 202 may comprise adigital interface to a data source, such as a buffer (not shown).

Here, FEC encoder 204 encodes the data sequence to produce an encodeddata sequence. The encoded data sequence is used as a common datasequence to generate individual data sequences, each of which is a“version” of the common data sequence. One method of generating theseindividual data sequence is by using optional re-order blocks 206B-C. Ifimplemented, each of the re-order blocks 206B-C re-orders the encodedsequence according to a known re-ordering function, to generate adifferently re-ordered sequence. Alternatively, no re-ordering isperformed, in which case the individual signals remain ordered in thesame way. Even if no re-ordering is applied, the individual signals canlater become offset in time from one another as they are transmittedover different paths and experience different path delays.

Returning to FIG. 2, the individual data sequences are then modulatedusing modulators 208A-C to produce individual modulated signals. Themodulated signals are separately upconverted and amplified using UP andHPA 210A-C, then transmitted using separate transmitters 212A-C. Asshown here, transmitters 212A-C are implemented as separate antennas.

Note that a plurality of individual signals used to represent a commondata sequence need not be explicitly generated as separate signals.Transmitter structure 200 may be modified such that it generates onlyone modulated signal. Such a transmitter structure 200 would onlycomprise, for example, input 202, FEC 204, MOD 208A, UP and HPA 210A,and transmitter 212A. The single modulated signal generated from such atransmitter structure 200 may be sent over multiple paths, and in theprocess, become a plurality of individual signals. Each of theseindividual signals would represent the common data sequence. Theseindividual signals may arrive at a receiver at different time offsetsbecause they experience different path delays. Such a transmitterstructure for generating a single modulated signal may be implemented inuser terminal 152 shown in FIG. 1B.

FIG. 3 is a basic block diagram of an example receiver structure 300suitable for processing a composite signal comprising contributions fromindividual signals transmitted over multiple paths, according to oneembodiment of the present invention. Referring back to FIG. 1A, receiverstructure 300 may be implemented in user terminal 112 to process thecomposite signal received from satellites 108 and 110. As anotherexample, referring back to FIG. 1B, portions of receiver structure 300may be implemented in Earth station 168 to process the composite signalgenerated from the combining of signals received from satellites 160 and162.

As shown in the figure, receiver structure 300 comprises a low noiseamplifier (LNA) 304, a down converter (DC) 306, a match filter (MF) 308,an iterative combiner (IC) 310, a processing block (PHASE TIME AMP) 312,and a data detector (DETECT) 314. Operations of the various componentsof receiver structure 300 is described in further detail below. An input302 accepts a composite signal to be processed by receiver structure300. Input 302 may be implemented in different ways. Here, input 302 isshown as an antenna receiving the composite signal. In otherimplementations, input 302 may simply be a port through which thecomposite signal is delivered from another device. Low noise amplifier304 amplifies the composite signal. Down convert 306 brings the signaldown to baseband. The signal, now complex, is filtered by an appropriatematch filter 308 and sampled at the rate of once per symbol. The resultis a sampled complex output z(n), which is presented to iterativecombiner 310 and also presented to processing block 312.

Processing block 312 estimates the phase, time, and amplitude of thevarious signal path components. The phase and amplitude estimates arerepresented as w_(l)'s, while the time estimates are represented asτ_(l)'s in discussions that follow. For a composite signal comprisingcontributions from L individual signals transmitted over differentpaths, processing block 312 generates an estimate of w_(l) and anestimate of τ_(l) for each one of the L individual signals. Processingblock 312 can be implemented in numerous ways. For example, onetechnique would be to use an autocorrelation of the received signal andthe differently received components will appear as correlation peaksseparated in time by the delay spread of the received signal components.

Iterative combiner 310 uses the w_(l)'s and τ_(l)'s generated byprocessing block 312 to process the sampled complex output z(n), toproduce estimates of the received sequence. Finally, the estimates ofthe received sequence can be used by detector 314 to create the datastream out of the receiver. Operations of receiver structure 300,especially those of iterative combiner 310 and detector 314, aredescribed in more detail in subsequent sections.

Received Signal Model

A received signal model is described below to further illustrate theoperations of receiver 300 shown in FIG. 3. Here, well known technologyareas of M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) modulation and satellitecommunication are adopted. However, it should be understood thatdifferent modulation schemes and different types of communication mediummay be used in implementing the present invention. An initial symbolsequence a(n) is used to generate individual signals transmitted overmultiple paths. The initial symbol sequence a(n) may already be FECencoded. For example, referring back to FIG. 2, the FEC encodingfunction may be performed by FEC block 204. Here, an MPSK system isadopted. Thus, each data symbol in a(n) takes on one of the M possiblevalues [0, 1, 2, . . . , M−1], wherein M is a positive integer. Eachsymbol is mapped on to a constellation point on the I-Q plane ã(n) usinga symbol mapping, such as the sequential mapping $\begin{matrix}{{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)} = {\exp\left( {{j2\pi}\frac{\quad{a(n)}}{M}} \right)}} & (1)\end{matrix}$Other mapping, such as Gray coding, could also be used for mappingsymbol values to constellation points.

Individual signals generated in this fashion may be transmitted over Ldifferent paths (e.g., L satellites) and received at a receiver as acomposite signal. Facilities such as low noise amplifier 304 and downconverter 306 of receiver structure 300 may perform appropriate lownoise amplification and down conversion on the composite signal. Thus,according to the present embodiment of the invention using L paths andMPSK modulation, a mathematical model for the received composite signalr(t) is expresses as $\begin{matrix}{{r(t)} = {{A{\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}\left\lbrack {{w_{0}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{p\left( {t - {nT}} \right)}} + {w_{1}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{p\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{1}} \right)}} + \ldots\quad + {w_{L - 1}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{p\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{L - 1}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}} + {n(t)}}} & \left( {1a} \right)\end{matrix}$

where p(t) is the pulse shaping which can be a Square Root Raised Cosine(SRRC) pulse shape, w_(l) is complex value which represents theamplitude and phase, possibly time varying, of the l^(th) path (l=0 . .. L−1), and τ_(l) is the additional time delay of the l^(th) path withrespect to path number 0. Path number zero is defined to be the pathwith the minimum propagation delay. The channel phase and amplitudecoefficients, w_(l), are assumed here to be known values. According toan embodiment of the invention, these coefficients can be separatelydetermined via conventional methods well known to one of ordinary skillin the art. For example, coefficients w_(l) and τ_(l) may be determinedby PHASE TIME AMP processing block 312 of receiver structure 300.

To simplify the explanation of iterative combining, the discussion belowinitially assumes that the path delay differences, τ_(l) are equal to aninteger number of symbol periods. That is τ_(l)=k_(l)T, where k_(l) issome positive integer. Note that in satellite systems, this assumptionmay only hold in certain scenarios. For example, the assumption wouldhold if the diversity paths were through the same satellite, possibly indifferent spot beams. This would have utility, for example, for a UT inan area that was in the overlap area of two or more spot beams from thesame satellite. In such a case, two signals will experience the exactsame delay profile and thus have the potential to destructivelyinterfere with each other if they happen to be received 180 degrees outof phase. The interference can be simply avoided by offsetting the twosignals in time, and in this case, the delay can be selected to beexactly an integer number of symbols. However, in the general satellitecase where the L paths come from L satellites in L different orbitslots, the assumption that time delays are equal to an integer number ofsymbol periods may not hold. The processing described in the subsequentsections extends the combiner utility to the general case whereτ_(l)≠k_(l)T.

Using a matched filter receiver and assuming τ_(l)=k_(l)T, the samplesof the matched filter output can be expressed asz(n)=A[w ₀ ã(n)+w ₁ ã(n−k ₁)+ . . . +w_(L-1) ã(n−k _(L-1))]+N(n)  (2)For example, z(n) may be the complex output generated from match filter308 of receiver structure 300.Iterative Combining

The relatively recent discovery (within the last 15 years) of Turbocodes and Iterative decoding provided the basis for applications ofIterative Processing in demodulation problems. Iterative Combining (IC)provides an attractive alternative in that it comes very close to theoptimum MLSE solution but has reasonable complexity.

First, a sequence a_(l)(n)=a(n−k_(l)) can be defined. In other words,a_(l)(n) is the sequence of data symbols coming from the l^(th)diversity path. Next we reformulate (2),z(n)=A[w ₀ ã ₀(n)+w ₁ ã ₁(n)+ . . . +w _(L-1) ã _(L-1)(n)]+N(n)  (3)where N is a complex Gaussian noise random variable with E[N]=0 andE[NN*]=2τ². Note that the relationship between a₀(n) and a_(l)(n) in (3)need not be a simple time delay. A re-ordering of the sequence a₀(n) toresult in the sequence a_(l)(n) can be used. For example, suchre-ordering may be applied on the transmit side during generation of theindividual signals, by using re-order blocks 206B-C shown in FIG. 2.This allows one to use re-ordered symbol sequences for the subsequentdiversity paths.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram depicting the operations of iterative combiner310 and data detector 314 according to one embodiment of the invention.Iterative combiner 310 comprises an A'Posteriori Probability calculator(APP) block 402, a summing block (Σ) 404, and various permutation andinverse permutation functions. Data detector 314 comprises a selectmaximum block 406 and a symbol-to-bit converter 408.

Iterative processing is performed over a block of B consecutive symbols.Ideally, the size of the block B is much larger than the difference (insymbols) between the smallest and largest path delays to reduce the edgeeffects to a minimum. The input time sequences, x(n) and y(n) are thereal and imaginary parts of z(n). APP block 402 is a Soft Input-SoftOutput (SISO) block that calculates the Soft Output (SO), also known asextrinsic information, of the symbol sequences a_(l)(n) given theobservation sequence z(n) and the Soft Input (SI), also known as thea'priori information, of the symbol sequences a_(l)(n).

The a'posteriori soft outputs SO generated by APP block 402 are examplesof soft values of a first type. The a'priori soft inputs SI received byAPP 402 are examples of soft value of a second type.

In the present embodiment of the invention, the Soft Outputs SO arecalculated without taking advantage of the known relationships betweenthe sequences a_(l)(n). In other words, the sequences a_(l)(n) aretreated as independent sequences by the APP block 402. The outputs ofAPP block 402 are the M dimensional vector sequences, SO(a_(l)), whichhave M values for each time index, n. Specifically for the symbol attime n (the time index is omitted on the vector quantities for brevity),$\begin{matrix}{{{SO}\left( a_{l} \right)} = {\begin{bmatrix}{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = \left. 0 \middle| {z(n)} \right.} \right\}} \right\rbrack} \\{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = \left. 1 \middle| {z(n)} \right.} \right\}} \right\rbrack} \\\vdots \\{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = \left. {M - 1} \middle| {z(n)} \right.} \right\}} \right\rbrack}\end{bmatrix} - {{SI}\left( a_{l} \right)}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$where SI(a_(l)) is the vector of the log of the a'priori probabilities,$\begin{matrix}{{{SI}\left( a_{l} \right)} = \begin{bmatrix}{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = 0} \right\}} \right\rbrack} \\{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = 1} \right\}} \right\rbrack} \\\vdots \\{\ln\left\lbrack {\Pr\left\{ {a_{l} = {M - 1}} \right\}} \right\rbrack}\end{bmatrix}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

It should be noted that in many implementations of APP block 402, the SIand SO information may contain an additive constant that is present inevery component of (4) and (5). However, this may not affect the outcomeof any symbol decisions because the information regarding theprobabilistic likelihood of one symbol relative to another is carriedwithin the differences between the components of the vector.

On the first iteration, the a'priori vectors SI are initialized bysetting all of their components to the same constant value, such as 0,which indicates that all of the symbol values have a equal a'prioriprobability of occurrence.

The inverse permutations π_(l) ⁻¹ take advantage of the knownrelationship between the symbols sequences a_(l)(n) and a₀(n). Thisrelationship is generally a_(l)(n)=a(n−k_(l))=a₀(n−k_(l)) unlessre-ordering of the symbols signal is performed. Reordering of thesignals may be warranted for a number of reasons, including a desire touse different ordering on different satellites or spot beams.

When re-ordering of the symbols on paths 1 through L−1 is performed, therelationship between a_(l)(n) and a₀(n) is more than just a delay, butthe relationship is still known. The inverse permutations, π_(l) ⁻¹, canbe configured to re-order the extrinsic vectors out of the APP such thatthe symbols sequences align. The permutations will in general remainfixed unless some sort of time dependent ordering of transmitted signalstakes place. The values of the delays for each path, however, aresubject to change with channel conditions and may need be tracked andsupplied to the Iterative Combiner. For example, PHASE TIME AMPprocessing block 312 shown in FIG. 3 may supply the delay information.After the inverse permutations π_(l) ⁻¹ are applied, the result is thepermuted extrinsic probability vectors labeled SI′(a_(l)).

The permuted SI′(a_(l)) values are example of aligned soft values of afirst type. That is, they constitute a'posteriori information, but theyhave been aligned to take into account the permutations associated withthe individual data sequences. Thus, the SI′(a_(l)) values are symbolaligned. For each symbol a(n) on each of the L paths, the SI′(a_(l))values contain information about the likelihood that the transmittedsymbol is equal to the each possible value j, jε[0,M−1]. Here, the labelSI′ indicates that the vector is a soft input to the combing block asopposed to a soft input to the APP block, which is indicated bySI(a_(l)).

The permuted SI′(a_(l)) values are provided to summing block 404, whichcombines all of the information from the L paths by summing thecomponents of all of the vectors, to generate the soft output vectorSO′(a), $\begin{matrix}{{{SO}^{\prime}(a)} = {\sum\limits_{l = 0}^{L - 1}{{SI}^{\prime}\left( a_{l} \right)}}} & \left( {5a} \right)\end{matrix}$

The soft output of the summing block 404 is SO′(a). For each symbola(n), SO′(a) contains information on the likelihood that the transmittedsymbol is equal to each possible value j. These are examples of symbolsoft outputs. SO′(a) is provided to select maximum block 406 to make ahard decision on the symbol a(n) by just choosing the indexcorresponding to the largest component of M components of the vectorSO′(a), thereby producing symbol hard outputs (symbol decisions). Thesymbol hard outputs can be provided to symbol-to-bits converter 408 togenerate bit hard outputs (bit decisions). That is, the demodulated bitsare just the Log₂(M) bits that are associated with the indexcorresponding to the symbol decisions.

For subsequent iterations, the vector time sequence SO′(a) is re-orderedby the permutations π_(l) for l=1 to L−1. These permutations provide thesame re-ordering that is performed by the combination of thetransmitters and the channel delays. In other words, the symbol outputsgenerated by summing block 404 are re-aligned for each path such thatthey reflect the particular ordering of data sequences for that path.The vector sequence SO′(a) plus the L−1 re-ordered vector sequences formthe soft input vector sequences, SI(a_(l)). The SI(a_(l)) values are nowfed back to the APP block 402 for subsequent iterations.

The major calculation in the iterative decoder is the calculation of theAPP soft output information as defined in (4). To express thiscalculation, first define the vector a which has as its components thesymbols a₀, a₁, and a_(L-1). The j^(th) component of the soft outputvector SO(a_(l)) contains the information about the possibility thata_(l)(n)=j, and can be calculated using, $\begin{matrix}{{{SO}\left( {a_{l} = j} \right)} = {\ln\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{{a:a_{l}} = j}{\exp\left\{ {{\gamma\left\lbrack {{z(n)},a} \right\rbrack} + {\sum\limits_{\substack{k = 0 \\ k \neq l}}^{L - 1}{{SI}\left( {a_{k} = {f_{k}(a)}} \right)}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

In (6), the notation a: a_(l)=j indicates the sum over all possiblevalues for the vector a constrained to the l^(th) component, a_(l),being equal to j. The vector a has L components, each with M possiblevalues. So the vector a can assume M^(L) possible values, but l^(th)component of that vector is fixed, so the summation is over M^((L−1))possible vector values. The term SI[a_(k)=f_(k)(a)] is the a'prioriinformation on the possibility that a_(k) equals the value f_(k)(a)where f_(k)(a) is the value of the k^(th) component of the vector a.SI[a_(k)=f_(k)(a)] is just one of the components of the a'priori vectorSI(a_(k)), the component is determined by the value of a_(k) within thevector a. The term γ(z(n),a) is computed from the channel inputs, z(n)$\begin{matrix}{{\gamma\left( {{z(n)},a} \right)} = {- \frac{\left( {{x(n)} - \eta_{x}} \right)^{2} + \left( {{y(n)} - \eta_{y}} \right)^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$where η_(x) and η_(y) are the means given by, $\begin{matrix}{{\eta_{x} = {{Re}\left\{ {A{\sum\limits_{l = 0}^{L - 1}{w_{l} \cdot {{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{l}(n)}}}} \right\}}}{\eta_{y} = {{Im}\left\{ {A{\sum\limits_{l = 0}^{L - 1}{w_{l} \cdot {{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{l}(n)}}}} \right\}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$Note that in (7) the means are a function of the vector a.

The soft output of the APP block can also be computed in the log domainusing the well known Max* function which is defined as,Max*(s,t)=Max(s,t)+ln(1+e ^(−|s−t|))  (8a)where Max(s, t) chooses the maximum value of s and t. The component ofthe APP soft output vector, SO(a_(l)=j) can be then calculated byinitializing a variable t to a large negative value and repetitivelycomputing $\begin{matrix}{t = {{Max}^{*}\left\lbrack {t,{{\gamma\left( {{z(n)},a} \right)} + {\sum\limits_{\substack{k = 0 \\ k \neq l}}^{L - 1}{{SI}\left( {a_{k} = {f_{k}(a)}} \right)}}}} \right\rbrack}} & \left( {8b} \right)\end{matrix}$each time using a different value for the vector a, where the values aredrawn from all possible values of a constrained to the l^(th) component,a_(l), being equal to j. After all M^((L−1)) possible values of a areapplied in (8b) the variable t will contain the proper value forSO(a_(l)=j).

FIG. 5 presents simulated bit error rate (BER) performance for a varietyof different reception scenarios, including performance of an iterativecombiner configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.Here, an iterative combiner using BPSK modulation and L=2 diversitypaths is adopted. Here, convergence for the iterative combiner wasachieved within 10 iterations. In other words, within 10 iterations ofthe calculations performed by the iterative combiner, such as thoseillustrated in FIG. 4, the marginal improvement in the BER performanceassociated with each additional iteration became insignificant. Thefirst curve indicates the performance using only 1 path (no diversity).The performance with L=2 paths is shown for 2 cases: (1) one where thesecond path is a fixed delay of 32 symbols with respect to the firstpath and (2) another where the second path involves no delay but are-ordering of the symbols in the first path. In both cases the receivedsignal levels were the same and small random frequency error wasintroduced to simulate the small differences in received frequency ofthe two paths. As can be seen in FIG. 5, the performance with iterativecombining is nearly 3 dB better than the no diversity case, and unlikethe RAKE receiver, it performs very well at large SNRs.

Enhancement for Non-Integer Delays

FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting the operations of match filter 308,iterative combiner 310, and data detector 314, as modified toaccommodate non-integer path delays, according to one embodiment of thepresent invention. Here, match filter 308 comprises a filter 602characterized by the pulse shape p(t) and a set of L samplers 604, whichare described in further detail below. Iterative combiner 310 comprisesAPP block 606, summation block (Σ) 608, and various permutation andinverse permutation functions. Data detector 314 comprises selectmaximum block 610 and symbol-to-bit converter 612.

In the general case, the difference in the path delay between pathnumber l and path number 0 may not be an integer number of symbols.Thus, the combing structure can be modified slightly to accommodate thenon-integer path delays. As discussed previously, the input signal tothe combiner is as described in equation (1). However, since the pathdelay differences are not integer multiples of the symbol duration,equation (2) does not hold. Instead, the signal out of the matchedfilter, and before sampling, is described by, $\begin{matrix}{{z(t)} = {{A{\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}\left\lbrack {{w_{0}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT}} \right)}} + {w_{1}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{1}} \right)}} + \ldots\quad + {w_{L - 1}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{L - 1}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}} + {n(t)}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$where b(t) is the convolution of the pulse shape, p(t), with itself.This is accomplished by filtering the received signal r(t) with filter602. The additional path delay values τ_(l) are generally quite large.They can be 1000's of symbols in duration. So we break the parameterτ_(l) into a integer part, n_(l), and a fractional part,τ_(l)′(0≦σ_(l)′<T). Thus τ_(l)=n_(l)T+τ_(l)′. Using this to re-write (9)yields, $\begin{matrix}{{z(t)} = {{A{\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}\left\lbrack {{w_{0}{\overset{\sim}{a}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT}} \right)}} + {w_{1}{\overset{\sim}{a}\left( {n - n_{1}} \right)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{1}^{\prime}} \right)}} + \ldots + {w_{L - 1}{\overset{\sim}{a}\left( {n - n_{L - 1}} \right)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{L - 1}^{\prime}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}} + {n(t)}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$Defining the symbols sequences a_(l)(n)=a(n−n_(l)) results in a matchedfilter output that can be expressed as, $\begin{matrix}{{z(t)} = {{A{\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}\left\lbrack {{w_{0}{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{0}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT}} \right)}} + {w_{1}{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{1}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{1}^{\prime}} \right)}} + \ldots + {w_{L - 1}{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{L - 1}(n)}{b\left( {t - {nT} - \tau_{L - 1}^{\prime}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}} + {n(t)}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

The output of the matched filter is then sampled L times to generate Lsampled signals, z₀(n) . . . z_(L-1)(n). This is done by the set ofsamplers 604. The sample time for the l^(th) time series, z_(l)(n), ist=nT+τ_(l)′. Each time series is thus sampled at the rate of one sampleper symbol and is symbol synchronized to the symbol stream of one of thepaths. The resulting time series that are used as input to the APP blockare, $\begin{matrix}{{z_{l}(n)} = {{A\left\lbrack {{w_{l} \cdot {{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{l}(n)}} + {\sum\limits_{i \neq l}{w_{i}{\sum\limits_{k = {- \infty}}^{\infty}{{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{i}(k)} \cdot {b\left( {{\left( {n - k} \right)T} + \tau_{l}^{\prime} - \tau_{i}^{\prime}} \right)}}}}}} \right\rbrack} + {N_{l}(n)}}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

In an alternative embodiment, the inputs to the APP block (Eq. 10) canbe generated by a sampling of the signal r(t) at a sample rate higherthan the sample rate and then performing digital matched filtering togenerate matched filter outputs at a rate higher than the symbol rate.The high rate matched filter output sequence can that be digitallyre-sampled to generate the sequences described in Eq. (12).

The APP block 606 works very similarly to that previous described.However, due to the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) that can be a resultof the signals from the path delays not being symbol synchronized, SoftInput information from P symbols before and after symbol n must be usedin the calculations. The parameter P is some small integer, typically 3or less that is selected based on the width of the pulse b(t). The SoftOutput information about the possibility that SO(a_(l)(n))=j iscalculated by, $\begin{matrix}{{{{SO}\left( {{a_{l}(n)} = j} \right)} = {\ln\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{s \in S}{\exp\left\{ {{\gamma\left( {{z_{l}(n)},s,l} \right)} + {{SI}\left( {s,l} \right)}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack}}{where}} & (13) \\{{\gamma\left( {{z_{l}(n)},s,l} \right)} = {- \frac{\left( {{x_{l}(n)} - {\eta_{x}\left( {s,l} \right)}} \right)^{2} + \left( {{y_{l}(n)} - {\eta_{y}\left( {s,l} \right)}} \right)^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}}} & (14) \\{{{\eta_{x}\left( {s,l} \right)} = {{A \cdot {Re}}\left\{ {{w_{l} \cdot {{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{l}(n)}} + {\underset{k \neq l}{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{L - 1}}{w_{k}{\sum\limits_{m = {n - P}}^{n + P}{{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{k}(m)} \cdot {b\left( {{\left( {n - m} \right)T} + \tau_{l}^{\prime} - \tau_{k}^{\prime}} \right)}}}}}} \right\}}}{{\eta_{y}\left( {s,l} \right)} = {{A \cdot {Im}}\left\{ {{w_{l} \cdot {{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{l}(n)}} + {\underset{k \neq l}{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{L - 1}}{w_{k}{\sum\limits_{m = {n - P}}^{n + P}{{{\overset{\sim}{a}}_{k}(m)} \cdot {b\left( {{\left( {n - m} \right)T} + \tau_{l}^{\prime} - \tau_{k}^{\prime}} \right)}}}}}} \right\}}}} & (15) \\{{{SI}\left( {s,l} \right)} = {\underset{k \neq l}{\sum\limits_{k = 0}^{L - 1}}{\sum\limits_{m = {n - P}}^{n + P}{{SI}\left( {{a_{k}(m)} = {f_{k,m}(s)}} \right)}}}} & (16)\end{matrix}$and s is a particular occurrence of values for the symbol vectors a(n−P). . . a(n+P). The summation in (13) is performed over the space, S,which is defined by all possible combinations of symbol values for thecomponents of the symbol vectors a(n−P) . . . a(n+P) which haveinfluence on the means as defined by (15) except a_(l)(n) which isalways set to j. All components of the vector a(m) will have influenceon (15) except the l^(th) component, thus the sum in (13) will beperformed M^((2P+1)(L−1)) possible symbol combinations. The functionf_(k,m)(s) specifies the symbol value for k^(th) component of the symbolvector a(m) associated with s. This summation function is performed bysummation block 608. All other processing in iterative combiner 310 anddata detector 314 is the same as that which was previously presentedwith respect to FIG. 4.Block Edge Effects

FIG. 7A illustrates the processing of overlapping blocks of symbols,each block comprising B+k_(Δ) symbols, according to one embodiment ofthe invention. Here, the iterative combiner forms Soft Outputs for ablock of B consecutive symbols by processing a block of B+k_(Δ)consecutive symbols. The value of k_(Δ) is equal to or greater than thedifference between the maximum and minimum path delays. In practice, avalue of k_(Δ) which is greater than maximum expected path delaydifference is preferably selected. The next processing block willoverlap the current processing block by k_(Δ) symbols. The sameprocessing occurs with the last processing block. FIG. 7A shows adiagram for L=2 satellites. A discussion of the block effects isprovided for the case of L=2 but the concept is easily extended for L>2.

When computing the APP Soft Output information on the a₀(n) stream, thesymbols from the a₁(n) stream represent interference to the a₀(n)stream. The APP Soft Input information on the a₁(n) stream is used todetermine the APP Soft Output information on the a₀(n) bits in thepresence of the interference from the a_(l)(n) stream. The terms APPSoft Output and APP soft input used here may indicate the Soft Outputgenerated from APP block 606 and the Soft Inputs inputted to APP block606, respectively, as shown in FIG. 6. Similarly, the term combined SoftOutputs used here may indicate the Soft Outputs generated from summingblock 608 as shown in FIG. 6.

For the first k_(Δ) bits of the a₀(n) stream, the interference from thea₁(n) stream (the symbols in the first overlapping section 702) are notpart of the combined symbols a(0) . . . a(B−1), hence there is no SoftInput information available from the previous iteration of the combiner.However, information on the value of the symbols in overlapping section702 was determined during the previous block. This information can beused as the required APP Soft Input information. The same informationshould be used for all iterations.

Similarly, when computing the APP Soft Output information for the lastk_(Δ) bits of the a₁(n) stream, Soft Input information on the symbols inthe second overlapping section 704 at the right of the a₀(n) stream isrequired. Since these symbols occur after the a(B−1) symbol in the a₀(n)stream, the APP Soft Input information is not available at any timeduring the iterative combining of the current block. Nor is it availableas a result of the processing of previous blocks. One should use APPSoft Input values of 0 (or any other constant) for each of the possiblesymbol values for the symbols in overlapping section 704. This indicatesthat all possible symbol values for the interfering symbols are equallylikely.

Due to the unknown (and unknowable) nature of the values of the symbolsin overlapping section 704, the APP Soft Outputs for the last k_(Δ)symbols in the a_(l)(n) stream will have a lower reliability to themthan the other symbols. However, this information will be combined withthe information on the same symbols from the a₀(n) stream, which doesnot have a low reliability, to yield a significant improvement on thereliability of combined Soft Outputs for the symbols a(B−k₁) . . .a(B−1). Still the reliability of these symbols will be less than thereliability of combined Soft Outputs for symbols a(0) . . . a(B−k₁−1).Hence the value of selecting a processing block size, B, which is muchlarger than k_(Δ).

FIG. 7B illustrates the processing of overlapping blocks of symbols,each block comprising B+2k_(Δ) symbols, according to an alternativeembodiment of the invention. Here, the lower reliability of the combinedSoft Outputs for the last k_(Δ) symbols of a processing block can beeliminated by using processing blocks with a size of B+2k_(Δ) symbolsand an overlap of 2k_(Δ) symbols.

As shown in FIG. 7B, the processing block starts k_(Δ) symbols beforethe arrival a₀(0) symbol. This allows the iterative combiner to generatecombined Soft Outputs for the last k_(Δ) symbols in the previous blockas well as the B symbols in the current block. A total of B+k_(Δ)combined Soft Outputs are generated for each processing block.Consecutive processing blocks will have an overlap of k_(Δ) symbols inthe combined Soft Outputs. The combined Soft Outputs for last k_(Δ)symbols of the previous block, which have a reduced reliability ascompared to the first B-k_(Δ) symbols in the previous block, can bereplaced with the combined Soft Outputs for the first k_(Δ) symbols ofthe current block. A detailed explanation of the combiner operations isprovided below.

The first k_(Δ) symbols of the a₀(n) stream in the current processingblock will have, as interference, the k_(Δ) symbols from the a_(l)(n)stream labeled as section 712 in FIG. 7B. The combined Soft Outputs forthese symbols have been generated in the previous processing block, andhave maximum reliability since they are not the last k_(Δ) symbols ofthe previous block. These combined Soft Outputs can be used as APP SoftInputs for the a₁(n) stream when computing the APP Soft Outputs for thefirst k_(Δ) symbols of the a₀(n) stream. The same APP Soft Inputinformation should be used for all iterations.

The second set of k_(Δ) symbols in the a₀(n) stream will have, asinterference, the k_(Δ) symbols from the a₁(n) stream which are labeledas section 714 in FIG. 7B. The combined Soft Output for these symbolsfrom the previous processing block is used as APP Soft Inputs for firstiteration of the APP Soft Output calculation of the a₀(n) stream.Subsequent iterations of the combiner should use the Combined SoftOutputs for symbols of section 714 for the APP Soft Inputs, since thecombiner now generates combined Soft Outputs for the k_(Δ) symbolsbefore the a₀(0) symbols in the current block. The processing for thelast k_(Δ) symbols of the current block, labeled as section 716 in FIG.7B, is identical to that which was previously described.

This method will result in combined Soft Outputs of maximum reliabilityfor the first B-k_(Δ) symbols of the current processing block as well asthe combined Soft Outputs for the last k_(Δ) of the previous processingblock. The combined Soft Outputs for the last k_(Δ) symbols of thecurrent processing block will have a lesser reliability, but they willbe replaced by the combined Soft Outputs for the first k_(Δ) symbols ofthe next processing block.

Operation with Separate FEC Decoding

FIG. 8 presents a receiver structure 800 that implements separateiterative combining and FEC decoding, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention. Receiver structure 800 comprises a matched filter andsampler 802, an iterative combiner 804, a symbol-to-bit converter 806,and an FEC soft decoder 808. The receiver structure 800 is configured toseparate iterative combining functions from FEC decoding functions.

According to the present embodiment of the invention, iterative combiner804 provides a soft output for each possible symbol value of aparticular symbol. The output is generally related to the likelihoodthat the symbol takes on that particular value. Since it is common forFEC decoders to use soft decisions on the individual bits in the symbol,it may be necessary to provide a symbol soft output to soft bit outputconversion to enable the cascade of a bit level decoder with the symbollevel combiner. This is shown in FIG. 8 for QPSK operation. In thisconfiguration, the decoder and combiner operate independently of oneanother. The FEC decoder may be any type of commonly used FEC decodersuch as, but not limited to, convolutional decoder, block decoder orturbo (iterative) decoder.

In FIG. 8, the matched filter and sample block 802 takes the receivedbaseband complex signal, r(t), and generates the sample stream intoiterative combiner 804 as defined in (12). Iterative combiner 804performs all iterations of the combining as described previously andthen provides four soft outputs per symbol, one for each of the fourpossible symbol values (QPSK modulation is assumed here). Thesymbol-to-bit converter 806 takes the soft outputs for each of the 4possible symbol values and generates soft decisions for each of the 2bits in the QPSK signal. In other words, symbol-to-bit converter 806converts symbol soft outputs to bit soft outputs. The bit soft outputsare then used as inputs to the FEC decoder. There is no feedback fromthe FEC decoder to the iterative combiner.

A possible algorithm that can be effectively used to generate the bitsoft outputs is one that computes the log likelihood ratio (LLR) foreach of the two bits in the QPSK symbol. The LLR of a bit b is definedas, $\begin{matrix}{{{LLR}(b)} = {\ln\left\lbrack \frac{\Pr\left\{ {b = 1} \right\}}{\Pr\left\{ {b = 0} \right\}} \right\rbrack}} & (17)\end{matrix}$

Let the QPSK symbol, a, be identified by the 2 bit pattern a=b¹b⁰.Additionally, the Soft Output information from the combiner is relatedto the log of the probability that the symbol takes on that particularvalue. That is,SO(a=j)=ln[C·Pr{a=j}]  (18)where C is any positive value which is the same for all soft outputsassociated with a symbol. Then, the LLR's for the bits b¹ and b⁰ arewell known and determined by,LLR(b ¹)=Max*[SO(a=2),SO(a=3)]−Max*[SO(a=0),SO(a=1)]LLR(b ⁰)=Max*[SO(a=1),SO(a=3)]−Max*[SO(a=0),SO(a=2)]  (19)

In (19), the symbol values a=2 and a=3 correspond to the bit value b¹=1while the symbol values a=0 and a=1 correspond to the bit value b¹=0.Likewise, the symbol values a=1 and a=3 correspond to the bit value b⁰=1while the symbol values a=0 and a=2 correspond to the bit value b⁰=0.Although the structure shown in FIG. 8 is described in terms ofconfiguration and processing for QPSK, the extension to differentalphabet sizes can be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill inthe art.

Operation with Integrated Iterative FEC Decoding

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting the operations of match filter 308,iterative combiner 310, and data detector 314, as modified to implementintegrated iterative combining and FEC decoding, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. Here, match filter 308 comprisesmatch filter and sampler 902. Iterative combiner 310 comprises APP block904, summation block 906, and various permutation and inversepermutation functions. Data detector 314 comprises symbol-to-bitconverter 908, soft FEC decoder 910, and symbol-to-bit converter 912.The structure shown in FIG. 9 is configured to integrate iterativecombining functions with FEC decoding functions.

Accordingly, iterative combining can be integrated within the Iterative(Turbo) decoding structure of iterative (Turbo) decoder codes. Suchcodes include, but are not limited to, Parallel Concatenated Codes(PCC), Serial concatenated Codes (SCC), Low Density Parity Check Codes(LDPC), and Turbo Product Codes (TPC).

As shown in FIG. 9, matched filter and sample block 902 takes thereceived baseband complex signal, r(t), and generates the sample streamsent to iterative combiner 310 as defined in (12). Iterative combiner310 uses these input samples and performs one iteration of the combiningwith all components of the soft inputs vectors SI(a₀) . . . SI(a_(L-1))initialized to 0 or some other constant. The output of iterativecombiner 310 are the vectors SO′(a) (generated by summation block 906),one for each symbol in the block, whose components contain softinformation related to the probability that the symbol, a, takes on thevalue j, jε[0 . . . M−1]. These values are symbol soft outputs.

Symbol-to-bit converter 908 converts the symbol soft outputs to bit softoutputs, such as log likelihood ratios (LLR's), for each of the log₂(M)bits within a symbol, using an algorithm such as previously described.

Soft FEC decoder 910 then performs one or more iterations and providesboth decoded bits (as the decoder outputs) and extrinsic LLR informationon each of the Log₂(M) input bits associated with each of the symbols.The techniques to generate extrinsic information on the input bits forall types of iteratively decoded FEC codes are well know to thoseskilled in the art of Turbo decoding.

Bit-to-symbol converter 912 takes the extrinsic information on the bits,L_(e)(b) and converts it to soft information on each of the symbols. Inother words, decoded bit soft outputs are converted to decoded symbolsoft outputs. These decoded symbol soft outputs are the vectors SO″(a),one for each symbol in the block, whose components contain softinformation related to the probability that the symbol a takes on thevalue j, jε[0 . . . M−1].

A method for determining the bit-to-symbol soft information conversionis described below. Let possible value of the symbol a be identified bythe k=Log₂(M) bit pattern b^(k−1) . . . b²b¹b⁰. Each of the b^(i) in thepattern take on a value of 1 or 0. The soft information on the symbol athat the combiner desires is,SO″(a=b ^(k−1) . . . b ¹ b ⁰)=ln(Pr{a=b ^(k−1) . . . b ¹ b ⁰})+C  (20)where C is any value which is constant for all possible values of a. Letthe LLR's out of the decoder for each of the bits b^(i) be defined byLLR(b^(i)). Then, the soft information is easily determined by,$\begin{matrix}{{{SO}^{''}\left( {a = {b^{k - 1}\ldots\quad b^{1}b^{0}}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{{{Log}_{2}{(M)}} - 1}{b^{i} \cdot {{LLR}\left( b^{i} \right)}}}} & (21)\end{matrix}$

The soft information is computed for every possible symbol value a toyield the soft input vector, SO″(a).

Finally, The vectors SO″(a) are fed back into the blocks representingthe iterative combiner 310. There, the vectors SO″(a) are permuted usingthe L−1 separate permutation patterns, π₁ . . . π_(L-1) and become thesoft inputs, SI(a), for the second iteration of the combiner. Thisintegrated process of 1 iteration of the combiner followed by 1 or moreiterations of the decoder is repeated until the desired number ofcombining iterations is achieved.

The embodiments of the present invention presented above can beimplemented in a wide variety of ways. The various functional blocksdisclosed herein may be implemented using different facilities, such ashardware, software, a combination of hardware and software. For example,signal processing may be performed by dedicated hardware, programmablehardware, computer processor(s) carrying out programmed routines, etc.The format of signals may be changed to analog or digital form atvarious stages depending on the implementation.

While the present invention has been described in terms of specificembodiments, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that thescope of the present invention is not limited to the described specificembodiments. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to beregarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will,however, be evident that additions, subtractions, substitutions, andother modifications may be made without departing from the broaderspirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.

1. A method for deriving data from a composite signal comprising: (a)receiving a composite signal comprising contributions from a pluralityof individual signals transmitted over different paths, the plurality ofindividual signals being used to represent a common data sequence suchthat each of the individual signals corresponds to a data sequence thatis a version of the common data sequence; (b) for each individualsignal, calculating soft values of a first type over a block of symbolsby taking into account the received composite signal and soft values ofa second type, wherein for each symbol, a soft value of the first typeis calculated for each possible symbol value of the symbol; (c)generating symbol outputs by taking into account the soft values of thefirst type from the different individual signals; (d) for eachindividual signal, calculating soft values of the second type over theblock of symbols by taking into account the symbol outputs, wherein foreach symbol, a soft value of the second type is calculated for eachpossible symbol value of the symbol; (e) feeding back the soft values ofthe second type for subsequent calculations of the soft values of thefirst type; (f) iteratively updating the soft values of the first type,the symbol outputs, and the soft values of the second type by repeatingsteps (b), (c), (d), and (e); and (g) deriving data using the updatedsymbol outputs.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the individual signalsare transmitted via satellites.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein theindividual signals are sent from different transmitters and received ata common receiver as the composite signal.
 4. The method of claim 1wherein the individual signals are sent from a common transmitter,received initially at different receivers, subsequently combined, thenreceived as the composite signal.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein theindividual signals are combined to cancel interference signals.
 6. Themethod of claim 1 wherein for an initial iteration of step (b), the softvalues of the second type are set to a constant value.
 7. The method ofclaim 6 wherein the constant value equals to zero.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 wherein for at least some of the individual signals, thecorresponding data sequence is related to the common data sequence by aknown relationship.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the knownrelationship comprises a time-shifting function.
 10. The method of claim8 wherein the known relationship comprises a re-ordering function. 11.The method of claim 8 wherein the step of generating symbol outputscomprises: for each individual signal having a corresponding datasequence related to the common data sequence by a known relationship,aligning the soft values of the first type with the common data sequenceby applying an inverse of the known relationship, to generate alignedsoft values of the first kind; and combining aligned soft values of thefirst kind from different individual signals to generate the symboloutputs.
 12. The method of claim 8 wherein the step of calculating softvalues of the second type comprises: for each individual signal having acorresponding data sequence related to the common data sequence by aknown relationship, re-aligning the symbol outputs by applying the knownrelationship, to generate the soft values of the second kind.
 13. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the symbol outputs are symbol soft outputs,wherein for each symbol, the symbol outputs comprise a soft value foreach possible symbol value of the symbol.
 14. The method of claim 13wherein the step of deriving data using the updated symbol outputscomprises, for each symbol, making a symbol decision by selecting apossible symbol value corresponding to a maximum symbol soft output, toproduce symbol hard outputs (symbol decisions).
 15. The method of claim14 wherein the symbol hard outputs are converted into bit hard outputs(bit decisions).
 16. A method for producing multiple transmissionsignals representing data comprising: generating a plurality ofindividual signals, the plurality of individual signals being used torepresent a common data sequence such that each of the individualsignals corresponds to a data sequence that is a version of the commondata sequence; separately transmitting the plurality of individualsignals over different paths; wherein a composite signal comprisingcontributions from the plurality of individual signals is capable ofbeing processed by performing the steps of (a) for each individualsignal, calculating soft values of a first type over a block of symbolsby taking into account the received composite signal and soft values ofa second type, wherein for each symbol, a soft value of the first typeis calculated for each possible symbol value of the symbol (b)generating symbol outputs by taking into account the soft values of thefirst type from the different individual signals; (c) for eachindividual signal, calculating soft values of the second type over theblock of symbols by taking into account the symbol outputs, wherein foreach symbol, a soft value of the second type is calculated for eachpossible symbol value of the symbol; (d) feeding back the soft values ofthe second type for subsequent calculations of the soft values of thefirst type; (e) iteratively updating the soft values of the first type,the symbol outputs, and the soft values of the second type by repeatingsteps (a), (b), (c), and (d); and (f) deriving data using the updatedsymbol outputs.
 17. An apparatus for deriving data from a compositesignal comprising: an input capable of accepting a composite signalcomprising contributions from a plurality of individual signalstransmitted over different paths, the plurality of individual signalsbeing used to represent a common data sequence such that each of theindividual signals corresponds to a data sequence that is a version ofthe common data sequence; and a receiver structure coupled to the input,the receiver structure capable of iterative processing involving (a) foreach individual signal, calculating soft values of a first type over ablock of symbols by taking into account the received composite signaland soft values of a second type, wherein for each symbol, a soft valueof the first type is calculated for each possible symbol value of thesymbol; (b) generating symbol outputs by taking into account the softvalues of the first type from the different individual signals; (c) foreach individual signal, calculating soft values of the second type overthe block of symbols by taking into account the symbol outputs, whereinfor each symbol, a soft value of the second type is calculated for eachpossible symbol value of the symbol; (d) feeding back the soft values ofthe second type for subsequent calculations of the soft values of thefirst type; (e) iteratively updating the soft values of the first type,the symbol outputs, and the soft values of the second type by repeatingsteps (a), (b), (c), and (d); and (f) deriving data using the updatedsymbol outputs.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the individualsignals are transmitted via satellites.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17wherein the individual signals are sent from different transmitters andreceived at a common receiver as the composite signal.
 20. The apparatusof claim 17 wherein the individual signals are sent from a commontransmitter, received initially at different receivers, subsequentlycombined, then received as the composite signal.
 21. The apparatus ofclaim 20 wherein the individual signals are combined to cancelinterference signals.
 22. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein for aninitial iteration of step (a), the soft values of the second type areset to a constant value.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein theconstant value equals to zero.
 24. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein forat least some of the individual signals, the corresponding data sequenceis related to the common data sequence by a known relationship.
 25. Theapparatus of claim 24 wherein the known relationship comprises atime-shifting function.
 26. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the knownrelationship comprises a re-ordering function.
 27. The apparatus ofclaim 24 wherein the step of generating symbol outputs comprises: foreach individual signal having a corresponding data sequence related tothe common data sequence by a known relationship, aligning the softvalues of the first type with the common data sequence by applying aninverse of the known relationship, to generate aligned soft values ofthe first kind; and combining aligned soft values of the first kind fromdifferent individual signals to generate the symbol outputs.
 28. Theapparatus of claim 24 wherein the step of calculating soft values of thesecond type comprises: for each individual signal having a correspondingdata sequence related to the common data sequence by a knownrelationship, re-aligning the symbol outputs by applying the knownrelationship, to generate the soft values of the second kind.
 29. Theapparatus of claim 1 wherein the symbol outputs are symbol soft outputs,wherein for each symbol, the symbol outputs comprise a soft value foreach possible symbol value of the symbol.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29wherein the step of deriving data using the updated symbol outputscomprises, for each symbol, making a symbol decision by selecting apossible symbol value corresponding to a maximum symbol soft output, toproduce symbol hard outputs (symbol decisions).
 31. The apparatus ofclaim 30 wherein the symbol hard outputs are converted into bit hardoutputs (bit decisions).
 32. An apparatus for producing multipletransmission signals representing data comprising: an input capable ofaccepting a common data sequence; a transmitter structure coupled to theinput, the transmitter structure capable of generating a plurality ofindividual signals, the plurality of individual signals being used torepresent the common data sequence such that each of the individualsignals corresponds to a data sequence that is a version of the commondata sequence; the transmitter structure further capable of separatelytransmitting the plurality of individual signals over different paths;wherein a composite signal comprising contributions from the pluralityof individual signals is capable of being processed iteratively by (a)for each individual signal, calculating soft values of a first type overa block of symbols by taking into account the received composite signaland soft values of a second type, wherein for each symbol, a soft valueof the first type is calculated for each possible symbol value of thesymbol (b) generating symbol outputs by taking into account the softvalues of the first type from the different individual signals; (c) foreach individual signal, calculating soft values of the second type overthe block of symbols by taking into account the symbol outputs, whereinfor each symbol, a soft value of the second type is calculated for eachpossible symbol value of the symbol; (d) feeding back the soft values ofthe second type for subsequent calculations of the soft values of thefirst type; (e) iteratively updating the soft values of the first type,the symbol outputs, and the soft values of the second type by repeatingsteps (a), (b), (c), and (d); and (f) deriving data using the updatedsymbol outputs.
 33. A system for deriving data from a composite signalcomprising: (a) means for receiving a composite signal comprisingcontributions from a plurality of individual signals transmitted overdifferent paths, the plurality of individual signals being used torepresent a common data sequence such that each of the individualsignals corresponds to a data sequence that is a version of the commondata sequence; (b) means for, for each individual signal, calculatingsoft values of a first type over a block of symbols by taking intoaccount the received composite signal and soft values of a second type,wherein for each symbol, a soft value of the first type is calculatedfor each possible symbol value of the symbol; (c) means for generatingsymbol outputs by taking into account the soft values of the first typefrom the different individual signals; (d) means for, for eachindividual signal, calculating soft values of the second type over theblock of symbols by taking into account the symbol outputs, wherein foreach symbol, a soft value of the second type is calculated for eachpossible symbol value of the symbol; (e) means for feeding back the softvalues of the second type for subsequent calculations of the soft valuesof the first type; (f) means for iteratively updating the soft values ofthe first type, the symbol outputs, and the soft values of the secondtype by repeating steps (b), (c), (d), and (e); and (g) means forderiving data using the updated symbol outputs.